非洲猪瘟区域化防控有关思考

非洲猪瘟疫情的发生给我国养猪产业造成了严重冲击。国外的非洲猪瘟防控经验和我国的区域化管理实践说明，区域化防控已成为当前非洲猪瘟防控的必然举措。本文阐述了非洲猪瘟区域化防控的必要性、紧迫性及可行性，结合当前国家防控政策，将防疫大区纳入无疫区建设范畴，形成无疫小区、无疫省、无疫大区由点到面到片的区域化管理战略布局，从根本上提高养殖者生物安全意识，管控各环节非洲猪瘟传入风险。同时提出应做好顶层设计，强化政府推动；出台非洲猪瘟无疫区和无疫小区建设标准；完善配套机制，优化市场准入机制，以保障做好非洲猪瘟区域化防控工作。     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm^-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化。结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16~1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%~92.3%,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm^-2处理最高。施用生物炭5年后的土壤性质变化,进一步影响了真菌群落结构,表现为Chao指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数随生物炭用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;提高生物炭施用量对茶园土壤次要作用的真菌（LDA值<3.50）丰度的增加效果高于优势真菌（LDA值>3.50）的效果,其中被孢霉属、木霉属、毛壳菌属的相对丰度增加,黑盘孢属的相对丰度降低。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.     

加工与贮藏条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响

以偃松(Pinus pumila)种鳞为试验材料,采用盐析辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油;以大肠杆菌(Esche-richia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)4种常见腐败菌为供试菌,以抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度为评价指标,分析热、酸碱性、光照、金属离子和壳聚糖等处理条件对偃松种鳞精油抑菌活性和功能稳定性的影响.结果表明:偃松种鳞精油对4种供试菌种均有明显的抑菌效果,对革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌效果强于对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果.精油抑菌稳定性试验表明,4℃长时间贮藏、25℃短时间处理、紫外线处理,对精油抑菌活性无显著影响;在60、80℃处理时,精油的抑菌活性明显下降;而酸性、金属离子(CaCl2、KCl、FeCl3、FeCl2)、壳聚糖处理时,均提高了种鳞精油的抑菌活性.     

近自然经营对马尾松林不同发展阶段竞争关系的影响

以实施近自然经营措施8a后的幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林3个不同发展阶段的马尾松(Pinus massoni-ana Lamb.)林为研究对象,根据Hegyi竞争指数,探讨近自然经营对马尾松林竞争关系的影响.结果表明:调查林分中马尾松是数量最多的树种且占据绝对优势地位;实施近自然经营措施的林分中马尾松的优势度较对应的对照林分明显降低,主要伴生树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)、白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth)等优势度明显提升.随着径级的增大,马尾松林分整体竞争强度逐渐减小,经营林分更为明显.林木的竞争强度与胸径均符合幂函数关系,竞争强度随着个体的增大而减小;经营林分的趋势线比相应对照林分更平缓,更易达到稳定状态.不同发展阶段各树种的竞争强度均表现为经营林分马尾松的竞争强度与相应对照林分相比明显降低;伴生树种的竞争强度明显提升.综上,近自然经营能够有效改善马尾松林竞争关系,加速林分达到稳定状态.     

Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

纳米孔测序技术在疾病检测中的研究进展

近几年兴起的纳米孔测序技术(nanopore sequencing)为新一代测序技术,又称第三代测序技术,已开始应用于细菌、病毒、抗生素耐药及动物疫病等多个领域的检测。虽然在实际应用中仍存在一些瓶颈,包括测序精度不高、样品制备过程需要优化等,但该技术在疾病检测方面存在明显优势,包括可直接检测碱基修饰,超长读长、高分辨率和实时测序以及强大的生物信息学支持。未来,随着准确性的提高和性能的不断改进,加之在成本、测序时间和生物信息学分析方面的明显优势,纳米孔测序技术有望在临床实验室成为疾病检测的重要选择。本文通过综述该技术的原理、应用及在疾病检测中的优势,以期为纳米孔测序技术的进一步应用研究提供支持。     

GC-MS非靶代谢分析5个柠檬品种果皮的挥发性物质差异

为了探究不同柠檬品种间挥发性物质差异，分析其品质差别，本研究利用GC-MS技术对5个柠檬品种的果皮进行检测，将原始数据上传至XCMS平台进行处理。利用SIMCA-P软件进行主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析。通过R软件进行聚类分析。通过差异代谢物VIP值分析筛选到差异性化合物。结果显示5个柠檬品种共检出103种香气物质，聚类分析显示，阿特摩柠檬和木里柠檬聚为一类，乔化无刺柠檬、阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬聚为一类。差异代谢物分析筛选到15种差异化合物，其中黄花尤力克柠檬萜烯类物质高表达。本研究中同一生长环境下不同柠檬品种间果皮的挥发性物质存在较大差异，其中阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬之间差异最小。     

5个柠檬品种果皮挥发性物质差异分析

为了探究不同柠檬品种间果皮挥发性物质差异,利用GC-MS技术对同一地相同管理的5个柠檬品种的果皮进行检测,将原始数据上传至XCMS平台进行处理后,利用SIMCA-P软件进行主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析,通过R软件进行聚类分析。结果显示,在5个柠檬品种的果皮中共检出95种挥发性物质,不同品种的化合物种类不同,共筛选到15种代表性差异化合物;阿特摩柠檬和木里柠檬聚为一类,乔化无刺柠檬、阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤力克柠檬聚为一类;黄花尤力克柠檬萜烯类物质高表达。同一生长环境下,不同柠檬品种间果皮的挥发性物质存在较大差异,其中阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤力克柠檬之间差异最小。     

进口小麦中超标麦角的色选机剔除处理技术初探

通过色选机对进境小麦麦角超标进行加工处理,以剔除混在进境小麦中的麦角。结果显示:色选机可以剔除大部分麦角,使其含量降至国家标准以内。我们推荐参数(使用布勒-SORTEX B色选机时)为:小麦流量不超过设计产能80%,色选机初选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为55%、50%,色选机复选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为50%、45%。